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The study investigated factors influencing tourists' adaptive behaviors and advocacy for domestic destinations during COVID-19 using a combination of integrated generalized structured component analysis (IGSCA) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). One thousand tourists from Thailand, South Korea, and China participated in the study. The results revealed that fsQCA's multiple configurations provided valuable insights into the antecedents affecting adaptive behavior and destination advocacy, which complemented IGSCA's symmetric results. The study affirmed the complexity of antecedents that impact outcomes and supported the notion of complexity theory in explaining tourists' destination supporting behavior. The study provided implications for future research in this area.
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To date, most studies seeking to explore the impact of COVID-19 school closures on student outcomes have focused on cognitive/academic losses. This study explores changes in adaptive behaviors experienced by children and youth with autism spectrum disorders or other developmental disabilities when in-person, one-to-one behavior training was converted to telehealth delivery. Participants in this study were rated on the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, 3rd Edition (ABAS-3) at three data points: pre-COVID;six months after COVID closure;and 12 months after COVID closure. ABAS-3 standard scores were evaluated to determine any losses or gains in adaptive behavior that occurred during the COVID shutdown of in-person programming. Issues related to assessment of behavior and delivery of telehealth programming are discussed. © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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Current persistent outbreak of COVID-19 is triggering a series of collective responses to avoid infection. To further clarify the impact mechanism of adaptive protection behavior and vaccination, we developed a new transmission model via a delay differential system, which parameterized the roles of adaptive behaviors and vaccination, and allowed to simulate the dynamic infection process among people. By validating the model with surveillance data during March 2020 and October 2021 in America, India, South Africa, Philippines, Brazil, UK, Spain and Germany, we quantified the protection effect of adaptive behaviors by different forms of activity function. The modeling results indicated that (1) the adaptive activity function can be used as a good indicator for fitting the intervention outcome, which exhibited short-term awareness in these countries, and it could reduce the total human infections by 3.68, 26.16, 15.23, 4.23, 7.26, 1.65, 5.51 and 7.07 times, compared with the reporting; (2) for complete prevention, the average proportions of people with immunity should be larger than 90%, 92%, 86%, 71%, 92%, 84%, 82% and 76% with adaptive protection behaviors, or 91%, 97%, 94%, 77%, 92%, 88%, 85% and 90% without protection behaviors; and (3) the required proportion of humans being vaccinated is a sub-linear decreasing function of vaccine efficiency, with small heterogeneity in different countries. This manuscript was submitted as part of a theme issue on "Modelling COVID-19 and Preparedness for Future Pandemics".
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , Vaccination , Brazil/epidemiology , Philippines , Adaptation, PsychologicalABSTRACT
Small business survived hard times during 2020-2022. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in temporary decrease in consumer demand, revenue losses, and bankruptcies. The number of small companies in Russia has dropped dramatically as well as the number of workers engaged in small enterprises. This research aims to reveal major difficulties and institutional barriers small business owners faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The focus of the research is on patterns of economic behavior Russian entrepreneurs demonstrated adjusting their business processes to the new economic environment. This work is a qualitative research initiative based on a series of in-depth semi-structured interviews with small business owners from the Rostov region, Russia. Interviewing and the following discourses analysis allowed us to understand the meaning and reasoning of small business owners' behavior. The theoretical framework of the research includes the concepts of institutional economics and the insights from behavioral economics. This "mixed" approach provided us with more opportunities for describing various patterns of economic behavior in the context of fundamental uncertainty. As the pace of institutional change associated with the spread of the virus was very rapid, there was no time for companies to adapt to the new rules. Business owners often resisted changes. The high level of uncertainty became the reason for expectant behavior among small business owners based on the `status-quo' strategy. Even the announcement of high fines did not stop business owners from violating the laws. Explicit opportunism went hand in hand with formal obedience. Despite this, according to official statistics, Russian small business demonstrated high resistance to various economic and social challenges during the pandemic period.
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This article explores adaptive capacity as a framework for understanding how South Australian women in midlife (aged 45-64) demonstrated resilience during the early phases of COVID-19. In-depth interviews were undertaken with 40 women mid-2020 as a follow-up study to interviews with the same women undertaken 2018-19 (before COVID-19 emerged). Transcripts were analysed following a critical realist approach using Grothmann and Patt's construct of adaptive capacity as a framework for analysis. This enabled authors to unpack the mechanisms of resilience that shaped women's experiences of appraising, and then showing an intention to adapt to COVID-19 adversity. Findings support the explanatory utility of adaptive capacity to understand resilience processes in the context of person-environment changes - the environment being the COVID-19 context - and women's capability to adapt to social distancing and lockdown conditions. With COVID-19 evoking health, social and economic challenges at incomparable scales, potentially fracturing mental stability, this article provides insight useful to policy makers and health professionals to support resilience as the pandemic continues.Copyright © 2022 The Authors
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This position paper discusses emerging behavioral, social, and economic dynamics related to the COVID-19 pandemic and puts particular emphasis on two emerging issues: First, delayed effects (or second strikes) of pandemics caused by dread risk effects are discussed whereby two factors which might influence the existence of such effects are identified, namely the accessibility of (mis-)information and the effects of policy decisions on adaptive behavior. Second, the issue of individual preparedness to hazardous events is discussed. As events such as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds complex behavioral patterns which are hard to predict, sophisticated models which account for behavioral, social, and economic dynamics are required to assess the effectivity and efficiency of decision-making. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments around the world into drastic measures without the normal evidence base or analyses of consequences. We present a quantitative model that can be used to rapidly assess the introduction and interaction of nonpharmaceutical infection prevention measures (NPI) both in rapid a priori predictions and in real-world a posteriori evaluations. Two of the most popular NPIs are imposing minimum physical interpersonal distancing and the use of face coverings. The success of both measures is highly dependent on the behavior of the public. However, there is very little published information about the interactions between distance, mask wearing, and the behavioral adaptations that they are likely to generate. We explore the relation between these two fundamental NPIs and the behavioral responses that they may induce, considering both risk compensation and social norms enhancement. At present, we do not have the necessary information to parameterize our model to a sufficient degree to generate quantitative, immediately applicable, advice, but we explore a vast parameter space and illustrate how the consequences of such measures can range from highly beneficial to paradoxically harmful in plausible real situations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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The coronavirus pandemic has changed retailers' proceedings, consumers' buying behavior, and the perception of space within the aisles. In a grounded theory-building procedure, the study questions the relationships of consumers' perceived risk, adapted behaviors, and emotional self-regulation. Only a few studies have focused on customer behavior in such disruptive situations. They generally take a unidirectional perspective and explain panic buying and stockpiling by considering buying behavior as only a reaction to panic and uncertainty. We conducted 18 qualitative interviews in Brazil and Germany to gain insight into changes in buying behavior and consumers' feelings on the changed circumstances, which provided a bidirectional perspective on perceived risk, adapted buying behavior, and emotional self-regulation. We attempt to explain changed buying behavior as well as differing behaviors and motives in Brazil and Germany during the crisis. Critical reflection on media reports about panic buying and hoarding as well as on self-observed situations in local stores affords a better assessment of the overall situation and risk. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted people's psychological functioning, including how they cope with anxiety. This study aimed to assess the role of coping styles in the relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and Washing ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder (W-OCD) symptoms. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 420 people living in Kashan city (Iran) from March to April, 2020. Participants were selected by the convenience sampling method due to the difficulties brought about by COVID-19 and completed the contamination subscale of the Padua Inventory, COVID-19 anxiety inventory, and coping strategies scale. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS-22. Results: The results revealed that emotion-focused, somatization and social support coping strategies were significantly associated with W-OCD symptoms. Also, there was a significant correlation between COVID-19 anxiety and the W-OCD symptoms. SEM results revealed that emotion-focused and somatization coping strategies positively mediated the relationship between COVID-19 and W-OCD symptoms. Conclusion: Emotion-focused and somatization coping strategies increase W-OCD symptoms following COVID-19 anxiety. Psychoeducation interventions addressing COVID-19's physical and psychological impacts on health, discriminating the rational and adaptive behavior and obsessive and compulsive behaviors, and restricting the information gathering from numerous sources, which may lead to increased negative emotions, might be helpful. © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.
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The current dissertation includes seven chapters. Chapter 1 includes my professional background and describes the experiences that led me to study restricted and repetitive behaviors. It also briefly describes my personal journey as an international graduate student. Chapter 2 is devoted to the rich literature that this dissertation is based on. The literature review covers both the foundational and most recent findings in the fields of sensory reactivity, restricted and repetitive behaviors, and autonomic activity, as well as the known relationships between these areas in autistic and non-autistic individuals. In Chapter 3, I describe in detail the methodology used in the current dissertation, including a description of the participants and the study design and analysis choices. Chapters 4 through 6 describe three experimental studies examining different aspects of the relationships between sensory reactivity, restricted and repetitive behaviors, and autonomic activity. Chapter 4 presents findings from a study conducted with both children and adults examining the pupil light reflex as it relates to levels of autistic traits in both age groups. Chapter 5 presents findings from a remote questionnaire study using caregiver-report measures that examines the relationships among sensory reactivity, restricted and repetitive behaviors, and adaptive behaviors in non-autistic children. Chapter 6 extends the questionnaire study of Chapter 5, presenting findings from an in-person study with a subset of children (limited due to restrictions related to COVID-19) that aimed to examine the role of autonomic activity in the relationship between sensory reactivity and restricted and repetitive behaviors in order to begin uncovering the potential mechanisms underlying this relationship. Finally, Chapter 7 is devoted to an overarching conclusion, potential implications, and a description of future plans for my own line of research, which include examining new questions in autistic populations and then extending these questions into the general, broader, population. The motivation behind the research presented in this dissertation is to better understand behaviors that are associated with and prevalent in autism and are also highly stigmatized. Research showing that autistic traits vary widely in the general population can speak to and contribute to the increasing awareness and acceptance of the autistic experience, which is just different, not less. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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No two emergency situations are alike. A combination of human and contextual factors makes each emergency and disaster unique in its time line, its aftermath, and especially its impact on affected populations. In all of these situations, however, people engage in prosocial behavior that benefits others. We provide an overview of altruistic and other prosocial behavior in typical human development and of developmental distinctions between helping, sharing, and comforting. We focus on the expression of these behaviors in emergency situations, using the COVID-19 pandemic to illustrate how prosociality shifts and adapts in a specific context. Finally, we suggest that a developmental framework may help researchers and professionals in the field achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the many facets and underlying mechanisms of prosociality in emergency contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the world of work causing a significant shift from working in the office to working from home. Studies have shown that many employees do not want to return to the office on a full-time basis and that they expect that their work environments will include teleworking going forward. However, many leaders have had challenges managing remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic, and numerous organizations have been unclear and inconsistent about what work arrangements will look like in the future. Although several leadership studies since the COVID-19 pandemic have focused on leading during a crisis, empirical studies on the behaviors and mindsets needed to navigate the future of work is sparse. This research applied the Complexity Leadership Theory lens to the study of leadership behaviors and mindsets during this period of ambiguity and complexity which the COVID-19 pandemic introduced into the workplace. This exploratory study used a phenomenological approach to gain the perspectives of 20 senior HR leaders who are dealing with the ambiguity and complexity of novel human resource challenges brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Four major findings resulted from this study. First, many factors shifted the balance of power from the employer to the employee to decide workforce including changing workforce expectations, the volatility and duration of the pandemic, as well as employee productivity while working from home. Second, senior HR leaders found establishing guidelines, and purposeful communications effective in helping them adapt to the future workplace. Third, the study found that mindsets play a key role in shaping decisions as senior HR leaders navigated the future workplace. Finally, senior HR leaders used enabling leadership competencies to influence stakeholders to navigate the novel situation of the future workplace ushered in by the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings have implications for practice as they provide useful insights and strategies to senior HR leaders who are responsible for establishing work arrangements for their organizations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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Background. Theoretical models of behavior change focus on psychological constructs, including intention and self-efficacy, but they do not consider the role of stressors. In this study, the impact of home confinement was explored as an external stressor on mental health, sleep, loneliness, tiredness, and behavior of children during the coronavirus disease of the 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Material and methods. Ten children aged 7-17 years who were restricted at home for at least one month during the COVID-19 outbreak were included. Semi-structured interviews with children were conducted to elicit their feelings, reflections, and responses to home confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic. The children expressed that they felt lonely and tired at home "sometimes" to "most of the time". Results. The children had no sleep status quality as before the COVID-19 outbreak, including difficulty in falling asleep, insomnia, and hypersomnia. Most children had depression and anxiety symptoms with different severities. The children were irritable, aggressive, or nervous at home. Only one child reported that she was more active and had positive changes compared with before. Most children experienced some degree of conflict with their parents or siblings. Conclusions. This study found that some children were affected by different kinds of emotional issues at home during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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All business actors have been compelled to adjust to these changes by the dynamics of the business environment, as well as the advancement of technology and information. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic epidemic has compelled business people to take a fresh look at how their organizations run. Identify the variables that affect the business performance of SME's Women business actors by examining the impact of adaptive behavior and locus of control on business performance through the use of entrepreneurial orientation as an intervening variable. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: Data collection in this study was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 94 Women Entrepreneurs in South Sulawesi as a respondent. Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis was used as data analysis. Result(s): This study indicates that adaptive behavior has not directly effect on SMES performance but it will be significant effect if mediated by entrepreneurship orientation, locus of control has a significant effect to SME's Performance both directly or indirectly by mediation of entrepreneurship orientation. Entrepreneurship orientation has a positive and significant effect on SME's Performance, Conclusion(s): SME's Performance will be influenced by various factors including the influence of individual factors such as adaptive behavior and locus of control. These two factors affect the entrepreneurial orientation and have consequences for improving performance. Copyright © 2022, Anka Publishers. All rights reserved.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the world of work causing a significant shift from working in the office to working from home. Studies have shown that many employees do not want to return to the office on a full-time basis and that they expect that their work environments will include teleworking going forward. However, many leaders have had challenges managing remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic, and numerous organizations have been unclear and inconsistent about what work arrangements will look like in the future. Although several leadership studies since the COVID-19 pandemic have focused on leading during a crisis, empirical studies on the behaviors and mindsets needed to navigate the future of work is sparse. This research applied the Complexity Leadership Theory lens to the study of leadership behaviors and mindsets during this period of ambiguity and complexity which the COVID-19 pandemic introduced into the workplace. This exploratory study used a phenomenological approach to gain the perspectives of 20 senior HR leaders who are dealing with the ambiguity and complexity of novel human resource challenges brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Four major findings resulted from this study. First, many factors shifted the balance of power from the employer to the employee to decide workforce including changing workforce expectations, the volatility and duration of the pandemic, as well as employee productivity while working from home. Second, senior HR leaders found establishing guidelines, and purposeful communications effective in helping them adapt to the future workplace. Third, the study found that mindsets play a key role in shaping decisions as senior HR leaders navigated the future workplace. Finally, senior HR leaders used enabling leadership competencies to influence stakeholders to navigate the novel situation of the future workplace ushered in by the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings have implications for practice as they provide useful insights and strategies to senior HR leaders who are responsible for establishing work arrangements for their organizations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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Purpose: This paper aims to provide a novel explorative perspective on fund managers’ decisions under uncertainty. The current COVID pandemic is used as a unique reference frame to study how heuristics are used in institutional financial practice. Design/methodology/approach: This study follows a grounded theory approach. A total of 282 diverse publications between October 2019 and October 2020 for 20 German mutual funds are qualitatively analyzed. A theory of adaptive heuristics for fund managers is developed. Findings: Fund managers adapt their heuristics during a crisis and this adaptive process flows through three stages. Increasing complexity in the environment leads to the adaption of simplest heuristics around investment decisions. Three distinct stages of adaption: precrisis, uncertainty and stabilization emerge from the data. Research limitations/implications: This study’s data is based on publicly available information. There might be a discrepancy between publicly stated and internal reasoning. Practical implications: Money managers can use the provided framework to assess their decision-making in crises. The developed adaptive processes of heuristics can assist capital allocators who choose and rate fund managers. Policymakers and regulators can learn about the aspects of investor decisions that their actions and communication address. Teaching can use this study to exemplify the nature of financial markets as adaptive systems rather than static structures. Originality/value: To the best of the author’s/authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to systematically explore the heuristics of professional money managers because they navigate a large-scale exogenous crisis. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.
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Autism spectrum disorder refers to a neurodevelopment disorder that is cha ra c t e r i z e d by di f fi cul t i e s with social communication and social interaction and restricted and repetitive patterns in behaviors, interests, and activities. During the lockdown, when social isolation and distancing become mandatory for everyone, disruption of daily routines (school, therapy, free time) is a risk factor especially for families with a child with autism disorder, because their children may have a freeze in the progress they had painstakingly achieved up to that point. In this study, we monitored 81 families of children with autism disorder, assessed before the onset of the lockdown and approximately 4 months later, to see which children's behaviors had worsened and which had remained stable or improved. The families were interviewed, in February and July 2020, using standardized rating scales. The results showed an intensification in the children of motor restlessness, difficulty in sleep regulation, while there were no worsening in self-harming or hetero-aggressive behaviors, nor in personal autonomy. It should be considered that all the families involved in the present research were involved in therapeutic paths and did not interrupt the path of psychological support (online), with the specific objective of supporting them in their parental role in the most critical phases experienced by the children, and in making them more active in the processes of consolidation of the competences acquired by the children.
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Recently, indoor thermal comfort has received more scholarly attention than ever due to the COVID-19 pandemic and global warming. However, most studies on indoor thermal comfort in China concentrated on urban buildings in the east and north. The indoor thermal comfort of rural dwellers in southwest China is insufficiently investigated. Hence, this study assesses residents' indoor thermal comfort in a rural dwelling in Linshui, obtains the thermal neutral temperature of the rural area, and analyzes the thermal adaptation behavior of rural dwellers. The results reveal that the thermal neutral temperature of rural dwellers is 29.33°C (operative temperature), higher than that presented in previous studies based on the same climate region. Indoor thermal conditions in rural dwellings are relatively harsh, but various thermal adaptation behavior of rural dwellers significantly improve their ability to withstand the harsh conditions. When people live in an environment with a (relatively) constant climate parameter (e.g., humidity), their perception of that parameter seems compromised. Most rural dwellers are unwilling to use cooling equipment with high energy consumption. Therefore, more passive cooling measures are recommended in the design and renovation of rural dwellings.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemics , COVID-19/epidemiology , China , Humans , Humidity , TemperatureABSTRACT
Experiences of homelessness and housing instability have implications for child and family well-being across the life course. In this three-paper dissertation, I explore a variety of housing experiences for families within additionally stressful contexts. First, I review the existing literature regarding infants' and toddlers' experiences of homelessness, a consequential developmental time period, and a critical gap in homelessness scholarship. Second, using qualitative analyses, I investigate families' descriptions of their experiences of housing instability and homelessness in addition to experiencing the incarceration of a parent, addressing family-identified challenges and supports. Lastly, I address relations between parents' well-being and children's stress within families living doubled-up during the COVID-19 pandemic, comparing across doubled-up status for parent mental health symptoms, emotions, behaviors, and employment, and child stress and adaptive behaviors. Following the three papers, I discuss implications for future research, policy, and practice within the field of family homelessness and housing instability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
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The purpose of this study was to explore the leadership dynamics that supported the emergence of adaptive behavior among a school's professional staff in response to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. When schools closed their doors in the spring of 2020, they were required to transition to a remote teaching and learning model, something that few, if any, were fully prepared to do. Adapting to a remote model and later to hybrid and simultaneous models required schools to rethink their operations and teachers to be innovative in their instructional strategies. Further, the pandemic's impact on students' mental health and social emotional development was an area of concern. Social distancing, contact tracing, and masking became more important as students returned to in-person learning in greater numbers in the 2020-2021 school year. All of these challenges required effective adaptation at the school level. Managing this scale of adaptation required effective school leadership. Using the framework of Complexity Leadership Theory, this case study examines how one school staff worked collaboratively to respond to the pandemic's challenges and how administrators and teachers collectively created and supported the conditions that allowed adaptation to occur. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)